Integrating skin barrier measurements with omics and machine learning, we found that postbiotics and NAM regulate skin homeostasis through distinct, strain- and dose-dependent mechanisms. Postbiotics primarily modulate skin barrier function by promoting keratinocyte differentiation and suppressing inflammation. Together, integrated functional, molecular, and machine learning analyses identify key pathways underlying skin barrier regulation. EIS, electrical impedance spectroscopy; ETV4, ETS translocation variant 4; KRT81, keratin 81; LATS2, large tumor suppressor kinase 2; LC–MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; mM, millimolar; NAM, nicotinamide; NOTCH1, neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1; OVOL2, ovo-like zinc finger 2; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing; w/v, weight/volume.
This study shows that aspartame, at dietary-relevant doses, induces cytotoxicity, cellular distress associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, DNA replication and repair mechanism disturbance culminating in epithelial barrier damage. Aspartame triggers NF-κB activation via induction of oxidative stress, leading to proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release. Aspartame metabolites synergistically contribute to cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and epithelial barrier disruption.